If anyone wants to succeed online, he has to start making online as fast as possible. It starts with the first dollar, then ten and it builds up quickly once you get the momentum. Marketers that give up early in the game often give up because the time taken from the day they first started to their first paycheck is just too freakin’ long!
Fortunately, if you observe closely enough, getting results fast and early in your Internet marketing business is POSSIBLE and highly achievable. And we’re not talking about get-rich-quick schemes here. I would never ask you to join such programs; they are a complete waste of time. With that said, it’s important that you do not confuse get-rich-quick with what I’m about to share.
They are totally different.
Here’s my 3-Step Formula to Making Your First $1000 Online Fast:
1- You Need To Have Your Own Product
There are 1001 ways to make money online but nothing offers you MORE leverage and profits than having your own product. You have absolute control on the entire sales process and system and you get to keep 100% of the profits.
My recommendation: There are incredibly powerful ways to create your own product with very little time, effort and money spent. For example, a quick-fire and easy way to create your first product in 24 hours is to interview an expert (audio or email). The expert lends credibility and expertise to you, making the product an easy sell to your potential customers.
2- Create An Affiliate Program To Promote Your Product
Again, there are many ways to drive visitors to your website. One of the powerful benefits of creating your own product is to tap the power of having your own affiliate program. An affiliate program allows you to have a network of like-minded marketers promoting your program in exchange for a certain percentage of commissions. Instead of having you do all the work, you literally have a “Sales Team” to get the work done for you. And the best part is, you only pay them when they drive you a sale!
3- Develop More Products To Bring Your Business To 5 Figures
The more products you have the more MONEY you will make. The line of products you can create is often endless. For example, you can interview a series of experts in your topic to provide a more comprehensive and in-depth program for your readers (Audio programs in the personal development market is one such good example!). You can leverage on videos to package products that you can sell for $97 - $197. This will easily leapfrog you to a 5-figures Internet business!
Building a profitable Internet business isn’t that difficult. It’s all about focusing on activities that give you the most LEVERAGE and ROI! Would you like to see a more detailed step-by-step plan that you can study and use to build your Internet business? I strongly encourage that you look at “Authority Job Killer”!
It comes with a solid manual full of strategies and reveals to you secret shortcuts to creating powerful irresistible products that will bring in tons of sales. It also comes with 3 content-packed step-by-step videos that cover the most important essentials to a 5-figures Internet business!
You will save lots of time… you can have a profitable Internet business in 90 days with this program! It’s crazy!
Sunday, May 30, 2010
Succeed Online - The 3 Step Formula To Your First $1000 Online
If anyone wants to succeed online, he has to start making online as fast as possible. It starts with the first dollar, then ten and it builds up quickly once you get the momentum. Marketers that give up early in the game often give up because the time taken from the day they first started to their first paycheck is just too freakin’ long!
Fortunately, if you observe closely enough, getting results fast and early in your Internet marketing business is POSSIBLE and highly achievable. And we’re not talking about get-rich-quick schemes here. I would never ask you to join such programs; they are a complete waste of time. With that said, it’s important that you do not confuse get-rich-quick with what I’m about to share.
They are totally different.
Here’s my 3-Step Formula to Making Your First $1000 Online Fast:
1- You Need To Have Your Own Product
There are 1001 ways to make money online but nothing offers you MORE leverage and profits than having your own product. You have absolute control on the entire sales process and system and you get to keep 100% of the profits.
My recommendation: There are incredibly powerful ways to create your own product with very little time, effort and money spent. For example, a quick-fire and easy way to create your first product in 24 hours is to interview an expert (audio or email). The expert lends credibility and expertise to you, making the product an easy sell to your potential customers.
2- Create An Affiliate Program To Promote Your Product
Again, there are many ways to drive visitors to your website. One of the powerful benefits of creating your own product is to tap the power of having your own affiliate program. An affiliate program allows you to have a network of like-minded marketers promoting your program in exchange for a certain percentage of commissions. Instead of having you do all the work, you literally have a “Sales Team” to get the work done for you. And the best part is, you only pay them when they drive you a sale!
3- Develop More Products To Bring Your Business To 5 Figures
The more products you have the more MONEY you will make. The line of products you can create is often endless. For example, you can interview a series of experts in your topic to provide a more comprehensive and in-depth program for your readers (Audio programs in the personal development market is one such good example!). You can leverage on videos to package products that you can sell for $97 - $197. This will easily leapfrog you to a 5-figures Internet business!
Building a profitable Internet business isn’t that difficult. It’s all about focusing on activities that give you the most LEVERAGE and ROI! Would you like to see a more detailed step-by-step plan that you can study and use to build your Internet business? I strongly encourage that you look at “Authority Job Killer”!
It comes with a solid manual full of strategies and reveals to you secret shortcuts to creating powerful irresistible products that will bring in tons of sales. It also comes with 3 content-packed step-by-step videos that cover the most important essentials to a 5-figures Internet business!
You will save lots of time… you can have a profitable Internet business in 90 days with this program! It’s crazy!
Fortunately, if you observe closely enough, getting results fast and early in your Internet marketing business is POSSIBLE and highly achievable. And we’re not talking about get-rich-quick schemes here. I would never ask you to join such programs; they are a complete waste of time. With that said, it’s important that you do not confuse get-rich-quick with what I’m about to share.
They are totally different.
Here’s my 3-Step Formula to Making Your First $1000 Online Fast:
1- You Need To Have Your Own Product
There are 1001 ways to make money online but nothing offers you MORE leverage and profits than having your own product. You have absolute control on the entire sales process and system and you get to keep 100% of the profits.
My recommendation: There are incredibly powerful ways to create your own product with very little time, effort and money spent. For example, a quick-fire and easy way to create your first product in 24 hours is to interview an expert (audio or email). The expert lends credibility and expertise to you, making the product an easy sell to your potential customers.
2- Create An Affiliate Program To Promote Your Product
Again, there are many ways to drive visitors to your website. One of the powerful benefits of creating your own product is to tap the power of having your own affiliate program. An affiliate program allows you to have a network of like-minded marketers promoting your program in exchange for a certain percentage of commissions. Instead of having you do all the work, you literally have a “Sales Team” to get the work done for you. And the best part is, you only pay them when they drive you a sale!
3- Develop More Products To Bring Your Business To 5 Figures
The more products you have the more MONEY you will make. The line of products you can create is often endless. For example, you can interview a series of experts in your topic to provide a more comprehensive and in-depth program for your readers (Audio programs in the personal development market is one such good example!). You can leverage on videos to package products that you can sell for $97 - $197. This will easily leapfrog you to a 5-figures Internet business!
Building a profitable Internet business isn’t that difficult. It’s all about focusing on activities that give you the most LEVERAGE and ROI! Would you like to see a more detailed step-by-step plan that you can study and use to build your Internet business? I strongly encourage that you look at “Authority Job Killer”!
It comes with a solid manual full of strategies and reveals to you secret shortcuts to creating powerful irresistible products that will bring in tons of sales. It also comes with 3 content-packed step-by-step videos that cover the most important essentials to a 5-figures Internet business!
You will save lots of time… you can have a profitable Internet business in 90 days with this program! It’s crazy!
Thursday, May 27, 2010
The Era of Mediocrity
It’s been a while since I’ve posted anything on my blog. The reason for that, I think, is the lack of any good topics to ponder upon in the past few months. Everyone all around the world seems to be heralding mediocrity and this seems to be hindering the chances of anything really amazing happening! Don’t know what I’m talking about? Read on!
In an age where we are seeing technical and logical revelations happening at such an incredible pace, it is sad to say that no one is trying to raise the bar. People in all walks of life, me included, seem to have gotten comfortable with their mediocre mode of operation. And what makes things even worse is, the general public is actually lapping up this mediocre drivel and proclaiming it to be extraordinary! Let me give you a few examples of what I’m talking about:
Note: This is purely my personal opinion and no offence meant to anyone. In case I do unintentionally offend anyone, well….Tough luck!
1. Politics
People are actually still going gaga over the Obama administration? WTF? I mean he’s done a good job with most of the issues (way better than Bush of course) but he still has a long way to go with delivering on his campaign promises! It would be sheer folly to think he can turn things around overnight, but I’m sure he could do much better than he’s currently doing!
Closer to home, what has the UPA government really done to deserve a second term? Of course I do believe we’re better off when compared to having any other party in power…but to win the elections in such a convincing manner? Clearly the public need to ask more questions!
2. Movies
Okay this may offend more people than the other categories, but I’m still going ahead with it. Avatar is the highest grossing movies of all time? Really?? The 3D effects and the cinematography were out of the world! But what about the wafer-thin storyline that’s been done to death? It has been the plot of a million Indian movies! For it to be nominated for the Best Picture Oscar is just crazy!
The highest grossing Indian movie of all time? 3 Idiots? Really now? The movie was ‘a good movie’ at best! Almost the entire storyline is borrowed from Munnabhai! Think about it! Hero comes to campus and spreads cheer, hero has his own methods of doing things, hero is not who he says he is, principal hates hero (played by the same actor even!), principal’s daughter loves hero, hero’s friend tries to commit suicide, principal eventually realizes hero rocks! WHERE IS THE FRESHNESS??
3. Music
Someone please tell me that TIME magazine didn’t really rate Lady Gaga as the most influential person of the year! Her songs are catchy at best and in no way should they be topping the charts! She’s just a publicity stunt that someone thought of. To compare her to Madonna already is insane!
Of course I have to mention the ‘Put a ring on it’ song by Beyoncé! Who in their right mind decided to put that irritating squeaky sound in the background? And to top it all, the song went on to become a smash hit! Woe is me!
4. Sport
I might just be one of Tendulkar’s biggest fans ever, but even I think the media went overboard with their praise for his 200. Agreed, it is the first time it was done in the history of ODIs and it was done by the greatest ODI batsman to have ever played the game. But this is Sachin Tendulkar we’re talking about! We knew of his greatness 10-15 years back. We didn’t need this one inning to show us that, did we? As brilliant as it was, it wasn’t even in his top 5 performances as far as I’m concerned!
As far as mediocrity being heralded in other sports is concerned, I have two words for you…Sania Mirza!
So that’s that! Now, let’s pull up our socks and get cracking on some really extraordinary work shall we?
The Era of Mediocrity
It’s been a while since I’ve posted anything on my blog. The reason for that, I think, is the lack of any good topics to ponder upon in the past few months. Everyone all around the world seems to be heralding mediocrity and this seems to be hindering the chances of anything really amazing happening! Don’t know what I’m talking about? Read on!
In an age where we are seeing technical and logical revelations happening at such an incredible pace, it is sad to say that no one is trying to raise the bar. People in all walks of life, me included, seem to have gotten comfortable with their mediocre mode of operation. And what makes things even worse is, the general public is actually lapping up this mediocre drivel and proclaiming it to be extraordinary! Let me give you a few examples of what I’m talking about:
Note: This is purely my personal opinion and no offence meant to anyone. In case I do unintentionally offend anyone, well….Tough luck!
1. Politics
People are actually still going gaga over the Obama administration? WTF? I mean he’s done a good job with most of the issues (way better than Bush of course) but he still has a long way to go with delivering on his campaign promises! It would be sheer folly to think he can turn things around overnight, but I’m sure he could do much better than he’s currently doing!
Closer to home, what has the UPA government really done to deserve a second term? Of course I do believe we’re better off when compared to having any other party in power…but to win the elections in such a convincing manner? Clearly the public need to ask more questions!
2. Movies
Okay this may offend more people than the other categories, but I’m still going ahead with it. Avatar is the highest grossing movies of all time? Really?? The 3D effects and the cinematography were out of the world! But what about the wafer-thin storyline that’s been done to death? It has been the plot of a million Indian movies! For it to be nominated for the Best Picture Oscar is just crazy!
The highest grossing Indian movie of all time? 3 Idiots? Really now? The movie was ‘a good movie’ at best! Almost the entire storyline is borrowed from Munnabhai! Think about it! Hero comes to campus and spreads cheer, hero has his own methods of doing things, hero is not who he says he is, principal hates hero (played by the same actor even!), principal’s daughter loves hero, hero’s friend tries to commit suicide, principal eventually realizes hero rocks! WHERE IS THE FRESHNESS??
3. Music
Someone please tell me that TIME magazine didn’t really rate Lady Gaga as the most influential person of the year! Her songs are catchy at best and in no way should they be topping the charts! She’s just a publicity stunt that someone thought of. To compare her to Madonna already is insane!
Of course I have to mention the ‘Put a ring on it’ song by Beyoncé! Who in their right mind decided to put that irritating squeaky sound in the background? And to top it all, the song went on to become a smash hit! Woe is me!
4. Sport
I might just be one of Tendulkar’s biggest fans ever, but even I think the media went overboard with their praise for his 200. Agreed, it is the first time it was done in the history of ODIs and it was done by the greatest ODI batsman to have ever played the game. But this is Sachin Tendulkar we’re talking about! We knew of his greatness 10-15 years back. We didn’t need this one inning to show us that, did we? As brilliant as it was, it wasn’t even in his top 5 performances as far as I’m concerned!
As far as mediocrity being heralded in other sports is concerned, I have two words for you…Sania Mirza!
So that’s that! Now, let’s pull up our socks and get cracking on some really extraordinary work shall we?
Tuesday, May 25, 2010
回到零点 de retour à zéro
going back, isn't too hard maybe. maybe we need to give up everything you had now; maybe the whoever we are now, must be reborn. even if it will takes us another decades. 回到零点 de retour à zéro
going back, isn't too hard maybe. maybe we need to give up everything you had now; maybe the whoever we are now, must be reborn. even if it will takes us another decades. Wednesday, May 19, 2010
Tuesday, May 18, 2010
SRRG relies on the help and contributions it receives from the general public. Without your kind support the SRRG project would cease to exist.
To show our appreciation for your kind contributions we can provide with advertising on clothing, on our website and in all television interviews. As a sponsor you have the right to request where and how money has been managed.
For swedish donations.
To show our appreciation for your kind contributions we can provide with advertising on clothing, on our website and in all television interviews. As a sponsor you have the right to request where and how money has been managed.
For foreign donations ( ex USD )
For swedish donations.
Bank: Swedbank. Linköping
Bg.nr: 684-4120
Org. nr: 802452-4483
Always e-mail us if you send donations through a bank account.
SRRG relies on the help and contributions it receives from the general public. Without your kind support the SRRG project would cease to exist.
To show our appreciation for your kind contributions we can provide with advertising on clothing, on our website and in all television interviews. As a sponsor you have the right to request where and how money has been managed.
For swedish donations.
To show our appreciation for your kind contributions we can provide with advertising on clothing, on our website and in all television interviews. As a sponsor you have the right to request where and how money has been managed.
For foreign donations ( ex USD )
For swedish donations.
Bank: Swedbank. Linköping
Bg.nr: 684-4120
Org. nr: 802452-4483
Always e-mail us if you send donations through a bank account.
Monday, May 17, 2010
Sunday, May 16, 2010
Tuesday, May 11, 2010
Characteristics of life
Biology is the study of plants and animals. It is the study of living things as opposed to nonliving things. A summary of the characteristics that distinguish living things from nonliving things will be examined in this chapter. Detailed treatment will be found in appropriate sections.
Metabolism
Living things use food to provide energy in order to carry out body activities such as walking, breathing, playing and so forth. Food is also required for growth and repair of worn out cells. The body also needs mineral substances in order to remain healthy. Autotrophic organisms such as bacteria are chemosynthetic deriving their energy from inorganic compounds. Chemosynthesis is a process certain organisms use to produce energy from the oxidization (burning) of chemicals which seep up from the Earth's crust. The organisms that use chemosynthesis, mainly bacteria, manufacture carbohydrates and other organic molecules from the oxidization of sulfates or ammonia. These organisms are found around hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor.
Other autotrophs include green algae and plants. These are photosynthetic , using solar energy to convert organic compounds to energy. The heterotrophs which comprise most of the bacteria, protozoa, fungi and multicellular animals feed on ready-made food substances from plant or animal sources
The major role of the food taken by living things is to provide energy. Once inside the cells, the food substances are broken down with the aid of oxygen from the atmosphere to release energy, carbon dioxide and water. The energy is in form of heat and is used by the body to do work.
Carbon dioxide is a waste product that is removed from the body through the lungs. Water is a major solvent in the body in addition to being a transport medium for food substances, hormones and enzymes.
Some organisms, including the kangaroo rat, depend on metabolic water for their existence because they live in very arid deserts which hardly receive rainfall.
Growth
Growth is an increase in the living matter in an organism, resulting from mitotic cell division. The cell is the most basic structural and functional unit of life. Cells can be broken down into smaller parts like atoms but these are not alive and therefore do not contain characteristics of life.
Some organisms, including the kangaroo rat, depend on metabolic water for their existence because they live in very arid deserts which hardly receive rainfall.
Growth
Growth is an increase in the living matter in an organism, resulting from mitotic cell division. The cell is the most basic structural and functional unit of life. Cells can be broken down into smaller parts like atoms but these are not alive and therefore do not contain characteristics of life.
Some organisms, such as amoeba and bacteria, consist of only one cell. However, the majority of the organisms are larger and more complex. In these multicellular organisms, large numbers of similar cells are organized into different tissues that perform specific roles. Several types of tissues form organs that together perform various tasks as systems.
Reproduction
Living things give rise to other living things either by sexual or asexual means. Asexual reproduction usually involves the division of an organism into two by what is known as binary fission, resulting into two genetically identical daughter cells. Sexual reproduction, on the other hand, involves the fusion of female and male gametes to produce a zygote that has genetic characteristics of both parents.
Living things give rise to other living things either by sexual or asexual means. Asexual reproduction usually involves the division of an organism into two by what is known as binary fission, resulting into two genetically identical daughter cells. Sexual reproduction, on the other hand, involves the fusion of female and male gametes to produce a zygote that has genetic characteristics of both parents.
Reproduction is necessary for the continuation of life. Without reproduction, life would cease to exist.
Response to stimuli
Response to stimuli
Living things response to the environment around them in several ways. One-celled organisms like the amoebae respond to a stimulus by either moving away from or moving towards the direction of the stimulus. More advanced animals have sensory organs that respond to stimuli. Vertebrates or animals with backbones have a nervous system that acts as the information centre for the animal.
Plants respond to stimuli in a variety of ways. Some respond by growing towards the direction of the light. This type of response is called phototropism. In a forest ecosystem, plants compete for light by growing tall and forming extensive canopies so as to trap as much light as possible. One well known plant response is that of mimosa. This plant responds to touch by folding its leaves.
Homeostasis
An aquatic invertebrate organism maintains the same osmotic environment as that of the surrounding medium. On the other hand, aquatic vertebrate have various ways of regulating the amount of water and salt in their bodies. Mammals and birds maintain a constant body temperature that is independent of the external temperature.
An aquatic invertebrate organism maintains the same osmotic environment as that of the surrounding medium. On the other hand, aquatic vertebrate have various ways of regulating the amount of water and salt in their bodies. Mammals and birds maintain a constant body temperature that is independent of the external temperature.
The process by which animals maintain a stable internal environment with only minor fluctuations is called homeostasis. Homeostasis enables animals maintain their metabolic activities at optimum level at all times. Homeostasis is achieved by three important processes – thermoregulation, excretion and osmoregulation. The liver, pancreas, skin, kidneys and lungs are the major organs of homeostasis.
Movement
Movement of the body from one place to another is called locomotion. Some animals show no locomotion but move their bodies by swaying while fixed in one place. These animals are sessile or sedentary like the sponges living in the water. Plants are generally stationary.
Movement allows the animal to search for food, find mates or territory. It also allows the animal to escape from its enemies. The skeleton provides support for the body, gives the animal its shape and protects the internal organs. It also provides attachment for the muscles, necessary for movement.
Death
Eventually, living things must die. Death occurs when all the cell functions cease to work. Death may be by accident, through disease or through old age. Death is necessary to check overpopulation so that life is in keeping with the available resources.
Characteristics of life
Biology is the study of plants and animals. It is the study of living things as opposed to nonliving things. A summary of the characteristics that distinguish living things from nonliving things will be examined in this chapter. Detailed treatment will be found in appropriate sections.
Metabolism
Living things use food to provide energy in order to carry out body activities such as walking, breathing, playing and so forth. Food is also required for growth and repair of worn out cells. The body also needs mineral substances in order to remain healthy. Autotrophic organisms such as bacteria are chemosynthetic deriving their energy from inorganic compounds. Chemosynthesis is a process certain organisms use to produce energy from the oxidization (burning) of chemicals which seep up from the Earth's crust. The organisms that use chemosynthesis, mainly bacteria, manufacture carbohydrates and other organic molecules from the oxidization of sulfates or ammonia. These organisms are found around hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor.
Other autotrophs include green algae and plants. These are photosynthetic , using solar energy to convert organic compounds to energy. The heterotrophs which comprise most of the bacteria, protozoa, fungi and multicellular animals feed on ready-made food substances from plant or animal sources
The major role of the food taken by living things is to provide energy. Once inside the cells, the food substances are broken down with the aid of oxygen from the atmosphere to release energy, carbon dioxide and water. The energy is in form of heat and is used by the body to do work.
Carbon dioxide is a waste product that is removed from the body through the lungs. Water is a major solvent in the body in addition to being a transport medium for food substances, hormones and enzymes.
Some organisms, including the kangaroo rat, depend on metabolic water for their existence because they live in very arid deserts which hardly receive rainfall.
Growth
Growth is an increase in the living matter in an organism, resulting from mitotic cell division. The cell is the most basic structural and functional unit of life. Cells can be broken down into smaller parts like atoms but these are not alive and therefore do not contain characteristics of life.
Some organisms, including the kangaroo rat, depend on metabolic water for their existence because they live in very arid deserts which hardly receive rainfall.
Growth
Growth is an increase in the living matter in an organism, resulting from mitotic cell division. The cell is the most basic structural and functional unit of life. Cells can be broken down into smaller parts like atoms but these are not alive and therefore do not contain characteristics of life.
Some organisms, such as amoeba and bacteria, consist of only one cell. However, the majority of the organisms are larger and more complex. In these multicellular organisms, large numbers of similar cells are organized into different tissues that perform specific roles. Several types of tissues form organs that together perform various tasks as systems.
Reproduction
Living things give rise to other living things either by sexual or asexual means. Asexual reproduction usually involves the division of an organism into two by what is known as binary fission, resulting into two genetically identical daughter cells. Sexual reproduction, on the other hand, involves the fusion of female and male gametes to produce a zygote that has genetic characteristics of both parents.
Living things give rise to other living things either by sexual or asexual means. Asexual reproduction usually involves the division of an organism into two by what is known as binary fission, resulting into two genetically identical daughter cells. Sexual reproduction, on the other hand, involves the fusion of female and male gametes to produce a zygote that has genetic characteristics of both parents.
Reproduction is necessary for the continuation of life. Without reproduction, life would cease to exist.
Response to stimuli
Response to stimuli
Living things response to the environment around them in several ways. One-celled organisms like the amoebae respond to a stimulus by either moving away from or moving towards the direction of the stimulus. More advanced animals have sensory organs that respond to stimuli. Vertebrates or animals with backbones have a nervous system that acts as the information centre for the animal.
Plants respond to stimuli in a variety of ways. Some respond by growing towards the direction of the light. This type of response is called phototropism. In a forest ecosystem, plants compete for light by growing tall and forming extensive canopies so as to trap as much light as possible. One well known plant response is that of mimosa. This plant responds to touch by folding its leaves.
Homeostasis
An aquatic invertebrate organism maintains the same osmotic environment as that of the surrounding medium. On the other hand, aquatic vertebrate have various ways of regulating the amount of water and salt in their bodies. Mammals and birds maintain a constant body temperature that is independent of the external temperature.
An aquatic invertebrate organism maintains the same osmotic environment as that of the surrounding medium. On the other hand, aquatic vertebrate have various ways of regulating the amount of water and salt in their bodies. Mammals and birds maintain a constant body temperature that is independent of the external temperature.
The process by which animals maintain a stable internal environment with only minor fluctuations is called homeostasis. Homeostasis enables animals maintain their metabolic activities at optimum level at all times. Homeostasis is achieved by three important processes – thermoregulation, excretion and osmoregulation. The liver, pancreas, skin, kidneys and lungs are the major organs of homeostasis.
Movement
Movement of the body from one place to another is called locomotion. Some animals show no locomotion but move their bodies by swaying while fixed in one place. These animals are sessile or sedentary like the sponges living in the water. Plants are generally stationary.
Movement allows the animal to search for food, find mates or territory. It also allows the animal to escape from its enemies. The skeleton provides support for the body, gives the animal its shape and protects the internal organs. It also provides attachment for the muscles, necessary for movement.
Death
Eventually, living things must die. Death occurs when all the cell functions cease to work. Death may be by accident, through disease or through old age. Death is necessary to check overpopulation so that life is in keeping with the available resources.
The cell and its structure
Cells are the simplest units of life. All cells have at least three parts: cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus. These three make up the protoplasm of the cell, which is the living matter. The membrane is freely permeable (porous) to water and gases but selectively permeable to other substances including digested food substances.
Plants have a cell wall that is made up of cellulose. It is a nonliving structure. In addition to being permeable to water and other plant nutrients, the wall supports and protects the thin inner membrane from damage. It also gives support to the non-woody plant organs. The large vacuole in plant cells is involved in the elongation of the plant.
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm occupies most of the internal part of the cell. It has a consistency of an egg white and has the role of anchoring the organelles. Cytoplasm consists of about 80% water, the rest mainly protein and dissolved salts. Apart supporting the organelle, it also contains grains of stored food: starch in plants, glycogen in animals.
Nucleus
The nucleus is enclosed in a nuclear membrane that has pores for the exchange of substances with the cytoplasm. The nucleus controls the all the activities of the cell and indeed of the entire organism. One of its major roles is the synthesis of proteins that takes place in the cytoplasm. Within the nucleus are one or more nucleoli (singular nucleolus) which make the ribosomal RNA.
Ribosomes
Ribosomes are minute organelles that are found in the cytoplasm of the cell.
Their role is to assemble amino acids into proteins in the rough endoplasmic
reticulum.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Consists of smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The smooth
ER does not have ribosomes while the rough ER has ribosomes.
The ER is composed of channels that run throughout the cytoplasm that are used for
transporting substances. It is the major site in the synthesis of protein in the cell.
Golgi Apparatus
The Golgi bodies are vesicles that are particularly abundant in secretory cells such as those of the pancreas and mammary cells. Their main function is the storage and transportation of cell secretions received from the ER. Complex compound such as lipoproteins, glycoproteins and carbohydrates are manufactured in the Golgi bodies. In addition, the Golgi bodies act as transit warehouses where substances are stored and then sorted out before being sent to their destination.
Lysosomes
These are sacs, which bud off the ER or Golgi apparatus and contain many different types of enzymes. They are important in digesting bacteria and worn out organelles and any other debris in the body. Body secretions such as sweat, saliva, etc., contain lysosomes.
Vesicles and Vacuoles
These are membrane bound sacs within the cell. Vacuoles are larger than vesicles and contain enzymes for digesting food particles as in Amoebae. Contractile vacuoles are used to pump water out of the cell. Plant cells have large permanent vacuole while those of animals are small and temporary.
Mitochondria
The mitochondria consist of an inner and an outer membrane. It is in the mitochondrion where carbohydrates are broken down to release energy, carbon dioxide and water. Carbon dioxide is a waste product that is excreted through the lungs.
Chloroplasts
These plant bodies contain a green pigment called chlorophyll. Like the mitochondria chloroplasts consist of two membranes, an outer and an inner membrane. Chloroplasts are the major centres for the synthesis of photosynthesis, which is the process by which plants make carbohydrates. During photosynthesis oxygen, the gas we breathe in is produced, showing that plants must have existed before the animals.
Fibrous and loose connective tissues
Bone
Plants have a cell wall that is made up of cellulose. It is a nonliving structure. In addition to being permeable to water and other plant nutrients, the wall supports and protects the thin inner membrane from damage. It also gives support to the non-woody plant organs. The large vacuole in plant cells is involved in the elongation of the plant.
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm occupies most of the internal part of the cell. It has a consistency of an egg white and has the role of anchoring the organelles. Cytoplasm consists of about 80% water, the rest mainly protein and dissolved salts. Apart supporting the organelle, it also contains grains of stored food: starch in plants, glycogen in animals.
Nucleus
The nucleus is enclosed in a nuclear membrane that has pores for the exchange of substances with the cytoplasm. The nucleus controls the all the activities of the cell and indeed of the entire organism. One of its major roles is the synthesis of proteins that takes place in the cytoplasm. Within the nucleus are one or more nucleoli (singular nucleolus) which make the ribosomal RNA.
Ribosomes
Ribosomes are minute organelles that are found in the cytoplasm of the cell.
Their role is to assemble amino acids into proteins in the rough endoplasmic
reticulum.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Consists of smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The smooth
ER does not have ribosomes while the rough ER has ribosomes.
The ER is composed of channels that run throughout the cytoplasm that are used for
transporting substances. It is the major site in the synthesis of protein in the cell.
Golgi Apparatus
The Golgi bodies are vesicles that are particularly abundant in secretory cells such as those of the pancreas and mammary cells. Their main function is the storage and transportation of cell secretions received from the ER. Complex compound such as lipoproteins, glycoproteins and carbohydrates are manufactured in the Golgi bodies. In addition, the Golgi bodies act as transit warehouses where substances are stored and then sorted out before being sent to their destination.
Lysosomes
These are sacs, which bud off the ER or Golgi apparatus and contain many different types of enzymes. They are important in digesting bacteria and worn out organelles and any other debris in the body. Body secretions such as sweat, saliva, etc., contain lysosomes.
Vesicles and Vacuoles
These are membrane bound sacs within the cell. Vacuoles are larger than vesicles and contain enzymes for digesting food particles as in Amoebae. Contractile vacuoles are used to pump water out of the cell. Plant cells have large permanent vacuole while those of animals are small and temporary.
Mitochondria
The mitochondria consist of an inner and an outer membrane. It is in the mitochondrion where carbohydrates are broken down to release energy, carbon dioxide and water. Carbon dioxide is a waste product that is excreted through the lungs.
Chloroplasts
These plant bodies contain a green pigment called chlorophyll. Like the mitochondria chloroplasts consist of two membranes, an outer and an inner membrane. Chloroplasts are the major centres for the synthesis of photosynthesis, which is the process by which plants make carbohydrates. During photosynthesis oxygen, the gas we breathe in is produced, showing that plants must have existed before the animals.
TISSUES
Tissues are a group of cells with a common structure and function. Tissues can be classified into four main categories: epithelial tissue, which forms coverings and linings; connective tissue, which provides support; nervous tissue, which offers rapid communication networks between cells; and muscular tissue, which provides motion. The nerve tissue and muscle tissue will not be examined here because they will be discussed elsewhere.
Epithelium
Epithelium
The epithelium covers the outside of the body and lines organs and cavities within the body. The epithelial tissue occurs in sheets of tightly packed cells with little material between them. This tight packing is consistent with the function of the epithelium as a barrier protecting against mechanical injury, invading pathogens and fluid loss.
Different types of epithelia are classified by the shape of the cells and the number of layers that they form. A layer of epithelium that is one cell thick is called single epithelium, and a layer of two or more cells thick is called stratified epithelium. A pseudostratified epithelium is single-celled but appears stratified because the nuclei are arranged one above the other giving the illusion of stratification.
Flat epithelial cells are called squamous. Squamous epithelial cells in the top layer of the skin accumulate a hard protein called keratin and become so thin that they flake off. Squamous cells lining the mouth, oesophagus and vagina, however, do not produce keratin. Epithelium can also be cube shaped (cuboidal), or tall (columnar).
In addition to protecting the organs they line, some epithelia are specialised for absorbing or secreting chemical substances. Epithelial cells that line the lumen (cavity) of the small intestine absorb nutrients. Another kind of epithelium called mucous membrane consists of mucous glands with goblet cells that secrete a slimy solution that lubricates the surface and prevents it from drying. The digestive and respiratory tubes are lined with mucous membranes consisting of cells that secrete mucous. The free surfaces of some mucous membranes have beating cilia that move mucous along the surface. The ciliated epithelium of the respiratory system keeps the lungs clear by trapping dust, pollen and other particles.
Connective Tissue
The main function of the connective tissue is to bind and support other tissues. The cells are sparse and scattered through an extracellular matrix. This nonliving matrix consists of a web of protein fibres embedded in a homogenous ground substance that may be liquid, jellylike or solid. The main connective tissue in the vertebrate body is the loose connective tissue. It functions by binding epithelia to underlying tissues and as packing material to hold organs in place. There are three kinds of connective tissue fibres: collagenous fibres, elastic fibres and reticular fibres.
Collagenous fibres are made of collagen, the most abundant protein in the animal kingdom. Each collagen fibre consists of a bundle of several fibrils. Under the light microscope, collagen fibres appear thick, wavy and white. They have great tensile strength, that is, they cannot easily tear.
Elastic fibres are long yellowish threads that are made up of a protein called elastin. Unlike the collagen fibre that resists stretching, the elastic fibre stretches, much like a rubber band.
The reticular fibres are branched forming a tightly woven fabric that joins the connective tissue to adjoining tissues.
Fibrous Connective Tissue
The fibrous connective tissue is a dense tissue reinforced with collagen fibres. It is found in tendons that attach muscles to bones and in the ligaments that join bones together at joints.
Adipose Tissue
Adipose tissue is a specialised form of loose connective tissue that stores fat in adipose cells distributed throughout the matrix. Adipose fat insulates the body and stores fuel molecules that can be burnt to release energy.
Blood is a connective tissue that consists of a complex mixture of different cell types suspended in a matrix called plasma. Blood cells are ‘wandering’ connective tissue because they circulate through the body. Other connective tissue cells are ‘fixed’ because they do not move. An adult has 5 litres of blood.
Cartilage
Cartilage is a connective tissue that cushions organs and forms structural framework to keep tubular organs from collapsing such as in the ear, the nose and in the respiratory passages. In joints, cartilage can sustain weight while allowing bones to move against one other. Cartilage also forms the skeleton in the embryo, and it is gradually replaced with bone, which is much harder tissue. Cartilage has one cell type, the chondrocytes, lodged in spaces within a collagen matrix called lacunae. The chondrocytes have large nuclei and extensive endoplasmic reticulum. Cartilage contains also the protein fibre elastin. The strong network of collagen and elastin give cartilage great flexibility.
Cartilage is covered with a thick tough shell of collagen. It lacks nerves and blood vessels. Because it lacks blood vessels, the nutrients reach the chondrocytes by diffusion.
Bone is a connective tissue that provides maximum strength with minimum weight and protects other tissues and organs. The skull protects the brain; the ribs guard the lungs and heart and the long bones of the arms and legs house the marrow. Bones also provide points of attachment for muscles. Bone consists mainly of calcium and phosphate mineral salts.
Bone contains cells called osteocytes that are found in spaces called lacunae within the matrix. Long narrow passageways called canaliculi connect the lacunae, and osteocytes send out extensions that touch each other through the canaliculi. The canaliculi and lacunae are arranged around large channels called haversian canals.
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